The idea of knowledge in the johannine gospel and epistles

The study of the idea of knowledge in the Gospel and Epistles of John raises certain questions, the most important concerning the relationship of Gnosticism to the Johannine idea of knowledge. The problem is complicated by the late date of the Gnostic documents at our disposal. But Gnosticism did not suddenly develop in the second century A.D., though it is important to recognize post-Christian developments. There is a relationship between certain developments within Judaism and pre-Christian Gnosticism, and the important place given to "knowledge" in the Gospel and Epistles of John bears witness to the influence of the Gnostic development. Professors Bultmann and Dodd disagree over the question of the relationship of Gnosticism to the Gospel and Epistles of John with consequences important for the idea of knowledge. The Gospel stands in a different relationship to Gnosticism than the first Epistle. The Epistle is controversial in purpose, the claims of the heretics being used as the structure and basis of the refutation. But no controversy with Gnosticism is apparent in the Gospel, though the language of the Gospel is closely related to that of the Epistle, and would seem to reflect indirect Gnostic influence. In both the Gospel and the Epistles the idea of knowledge is wider than the specific vocabulary of knowledge. The content of, and means through which knowledge is communicated, presupposes the theme of revelation, and the means through which knowledge is experienced presupposes the examination of "seeing", "hearing", "abiding", "believing", "witness", and "love", as well as the specific verbs of knowing. From this examination it is clear that whereas "believing" is central in the Gospel, "love" is central in the Epistle, the change of emphasis being due to the confrontation with the Gnostic heretics

Knowledge-based control

©1992 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.Knowledge-based control is defined here as the management of dynamic systems whose states admit qualitative modeling. Contributions from several disparate disciplines, such as artificial intelligence, the decision sciences, and fuzzy control, are examined. An aeronautical application is used to illuminate the concepts examined. Two levels of architecture are presented for implementing qualitative decision and control for an aircraft. A geometric rather than algebraic approach is taken to the knowledge-based control problem

A combined single sideband hybrid AM-PM signal

©1966 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.IEE

Modal reflectivity in finite-depth two-dimensional photonic-crystal microcavities

We present finite-difference time-domain calculations of the Q factor for an optical microcavity defined by a slab waveguide and two-dimensional photonic-crystal end mirrors. The effect of the finite depth of the photonic crystal on the cavity s optical modes is examined. From these calculations, we can optimize the performance of the photonic-crystal mirrors and determine the loss mechanisms within optical cavities defined by these structures. The Q of the cavity modes is shown to be strongly dependent on the depth of the holes defining the photonic crystal, as well as the refractive index of the material surrounding the waveguide core

Knowledge-based processing for aircraft flight control

The purpose is to develop algorithms and architectures for embedding artificial intelligence in aircraft guidance and control systems. With the approach adopted, AI-computing is used to create an outer guidance loop for driving the usual aircraft autopilot. That is, a symbolic processor monitors the operation and performance of the aircraft. Then, based on rules and other stored knowledge, commands are automatically formulated for driving the autopilot so as to accomplish desired flight operations. The focus is on developing a software system which can respond to linguistic instructions, input in a standard format, so as to formulate a sequence of simple commands to the autopilot. The instructions might be a fairly complex flight clearance, input either manually or by data-link. Emphasis is on a software system which responds much like a pilot would, employing not only precise computations, but, also, knowledge which is less precise, but more like common-sense. The approach is based on prior work to develop a generic 'shell' architecture for an AI-processor, which may be tailored to many applications by describing the application in appropriate processor data bases (libraries). Such descriptions include numerical models of the aircraft and flight control system, as well as symbolic (linguistic) descriptions of flight operations, rules, and tactics

Lasers incorporating two-dimensional photonic crystal mirrors

Photonic bandgap crystals are expected to be of use in defining microcavities for modifying spontaneous emission and as highly reflective mirrors. There are several reports of microfabricating one-dimensional structure. Here, we describe the incorporation of a microfabricated two-dimensional photonic lattice in an edge-emitting semiconductor laser structure. We demonstrate laser operation in a cavity formed between a cleaved facet and a microfabricated periodic lattice

Photonic microstructures as laser mirrors

Deeply etched 1-D third-order Bragg reflectors have been used as mirrors for broad-area semiconductor lasers operating at 975-nm wavelength. From a threshold and efficiency analysis, we determine the mirror reflectivity to be approximately 95%. The design of the GaAs-based laser structure features three InGaAs quantum wells placed close (0.5 μm) to the surface in order to reduce the required etch depth and facilitate high-quality etching. Despite the shallow design and the proximity of the guided mode to the metal contact, the threshold current density (J_(th) = 220 A/cm^2 for infinite cavity length) and internal loss (α_i = 9±1 cm^(−1)) are very low

Radioptimization - Goal based rendering

Journal ArticleThis paper presents a method for designing the illumination in an environment using optimization techniques applied to a radiosity based image synthesis system. An optimization of lighting parameters is performed based on user specified constraints and objectives for the illumination of t h e environment. The system solves for t h e "best" possible settings for: light source emissivities, element reflectivities, and spot light directionality parameters so that the design goals, such as to minimize energy or to give the the room an impression of privacy, are met. The system absorbs much of the burden for searching the design space allowing the user to focus on the goals of the illumination design rather than the intricate details of a complete lighting specification. A software implementation is described and some results of using the system are reported. The system employs an object space perceptual model based on work by Tumblin and Rushmeier to account for psychophysical effects such as subjective brightness and the visual adaptation level of a viewer. This provides a higher fidelity when comparing the illumination in a computer simulated environment against what would be viewed in the "real" world. Optimization criteria are based on subjective impressions of illumination with qualities such as "pleasantness", and "privateness". The qualities were selected based on Flynn's work in illuminating engineering. These criteria were applied to the radiosity context through an experiment conducted with subjects viewing rendered images, and the respondents evaluated with a Multi-Dimensional Scaling analysis